In the aftermath of the tragic Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner crash in Ahmedabad, authorities have turned to DNA analysis to identify victims. This scientific method is vital in mass fatality incidents, especially when traditional identification methods are no longer viable due to severe trauma or decomposition.
Why DNA Identification Matters in Mass Disasters
DNA profiling is considered the gold standard in forensic science for victim identification. In large-scale disasters like plane crashes, it offers accuracy, reliability, and a way to provide closure to grieving families.
How DNA Samples Are Collected and Preserved
The success of DNA identification depends heavily on timely and proper collection of samples. DNA begins degrading immediately after death, particularly in hot and humid environments. Therefore, cold and dry conditions, or prompt freezing at -20°C, are ideal for preservation.
Hard tissues such as bones and teeth are the most reliable sources for post-mortem DNA extraction, especially when soft tissues have decomposed.
Reference DNA from Relatives Is Crucial
To match DNA profiles, scientists need reference samples from biological relatives. The most accurate results come from parents or children, who share approximately 50% of the same DNA with the deceased. This familial matching improves both the speed and certainty of identification.
Advanced Methods of DNA Analysis
Several forensic techniques are used based on the condition and quality of the collected DNA:
- Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis: The most common method, STR compares repeating sequences in the DNA. A profile using 15+ STR markers is highly accurate in establishing identity.
- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis: Effective for badly degraded remains, mtDNA is passed from mother to child, making it useful for maternal lineage identification.
- Y Chromosome Analysis: This targets the paternal line, identifying males using DNA passed from father to son. Ideal when close male relatives are available.
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Used for extremely degraded samples, though less precise than STR. SNP profiles can also be built using personal items like toothbrushes or razors.
Challenges and Emotional Toll of DNA Identification
The process is time-consuming and complex, especially in large-scale tragedies. Following the 9/11 attacks, it took nearly ten months to identify all victims through DNA. The scale of the Air India crash will similarly influence the duration of this process.
Why Timely DNA Identification Matters
Beyond scientific necessity, timely identification plays a vital role in supporting the mental health of families awaiting closure. Speedy, respectful handling of the remains is not only a matter of process but also human dignity.
Key Takeaways
- DNA analysis remains the most accurate method in mass casualty events.
- Hard tissues like teeth and bones are preferred for degraded remains.
- STR, mtDNA, Y chromosome, and SNPs are all part of the forensic toolkit.
- Prompt collection and reference samples from relatives are essential.
- Speed and sensitivity in identification help grieving families find peace.