Andhra Pradesh’s Erra Matti Dibbalu (Red Sand Dunes) and the Tirumala Hills, including the Eparchaean Unconformity, have been added to UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites. This significant step marks progress toward global recognition and long-term conservation of these unique natural heritage sites.
Erra Matti Dibbalu (Red Sand Dunes)
- Location: Near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
- Designation: National Geo-heritage Monument
- Area: Approximately 1,500 acres along the coastline
These striking red sand dunes are formed from a mix of sand, silt, and clay. Their distinct reddish color is a result of natural oxidation processes that occurred over thousands of years. The dunes display dendritic drainage patterns and well-preserved sedimentary layers, offering critical evidence of past sea-level changes and climatic shifts from the late Quaternary period.
First documented in 1886 by British geologist William King, Erra Matti Dibbalu is one of only three known coastal geomorphological formations of its kind in the world.
Conservation Challenges
Despite its protected status, the site faces ongoing threats from unregulated tourism and film shooting, which can damage its delicate geological features. Experts stress the need for stronger conservation strategies to ensure the site’s preservation for future generations.
Tirumala Hills and the Eparchaean Unconformity
- Location: Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh
- Geological Significance: One of India’s most prominent natural geological features
The Tirumala Hills are globally significant for housing the Eparchaean Unconformity, a striking geological boundary where ancient Archean rocks (over 2.5 billion years old) meet younger Proterozoic formations. This visible gap in the Earth’s crust provides a rare glimpse into the evolution of Earth’s geological history.
Nearby, the Natural Arch (Silathoranam) stands as a unique rock formation estimated to be over 1.5 billion years old.
The hills also fall within the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve and Sri Venkateswara National Park, both rich in biodiversity. The region is home to several endangered species, including the red sanders and Jerdon’s Courser.
Cultural and Ecological Importance
In addition to geological value, the Tirumala region holds profound cultural and spiritual significance due to the presence of the world-renowned Tirumala temple. The area features dense forests, seasonal waterfalls, and diverse flora and fauna, making it eligible under multiple UNESCO criteria — including natural beauty, geological importance, and ecological diversity.
Future Prospects
Inclusion on the Tentative List is a mandatory step before a site can be formally nominated for UNESCO’s World Heritage status. This listing reflects India’s commitment to protecting its natural and cultural treasures and opens up opportunities for:
- Enhanced conservation efforts
- Global recognition
- International funding and support
- Expert collaboration
Erra Matti Dibbalu is recognized under the tectonic and coastal systems theme, while the Tirumala Hills are considered under the themes of Earth’s history and the evolution of life.
The Tentative List was last updated in August 2025, marking these additions as a milestone in India’s heritage conservation journey.