Amarkantak, a revered Hindu pilgrimage site in the Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh, stands majestically at an altitude of approximately 1,000 meters. Nestled among the Vindhya, Satpura, and Maikal mountain ranges, Amarkantak holds immense ecological, cultural, and spiritual significance. It forms a part of the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, renowned for its rich biodiversity and pristine environment. Additionally, this sacred town serves as the origin of three important rivers—Narmada, Son, and Johila. However, while Son is often believed to originate from Amarkantak, its actual source is in Kodawahi village, Chhattisgarh.
Historical and Religious Significance
Amarkantak has been a spiritual and cultural hub for centuries. Archaeologist J.D. Beglar, who visited the region in 1873-74, documented it as a prominent stopover for pilgrims traveling to or from Puri. The Padma Purana extols Amarkantak’s religious virtues, asserting that those who visit the town will enjoy divine blessings for thousands of years. It states that taking a holy dip in Jvaleshvara leads to salvation, ensuring freedom from the cycle of rebirth. During eclipses, it is believed that all sacred energies converge in Amarkantak, further enhancing its spiritual aura.
Amarkantak in Classical Literature
Amarkantak has been associated with several historical and mythological references. Beglar linked it to the Amarkuta mentioned in Kalidasa’s Meghaduta, while scholar Kibe identified it with Ravana’s Lanka. The Matsya Purana describes Amarkantak as the western boundary of the ancient Kalinga region and details the origins of the Narmada River. The text also mentions two sacred sites, Jaleshvara and Amareshvara, which may correspond to modern Amarkantak landmarks. The Kapila and Vishalyakarni rivers mentioned in the scriptures are believed to be today’s Kapil-dhara waterfall and another small rivulet merging into the Narmada.
According to Matsya Purana, Amarkantak was the site where the second city of the demon Tripura fell after being incinerated by Lord Shiva. The town of Jvaleshvara, named after this event, became a center of divine power where Shiva is said to have stabilized cosmic balance.
Ancient Epigraphs and Inscriptions
Among the many historical records from Amarkantak, a significant statue inscription from 1170-71 CE (Kalachuri Era) is found on a pedestal depicting a seated male figure holding a lotus-bud. The inscription identifies him as Narayana, son of Madhavaksha, a superintendent of writing in Ratanpura. This epigraph provides insight into the administrative and artistic advancements of the Kalachuri dynasty.
Architectural Heritage – Group of Ancient Temples
Amarkantak is home to numerous temples and shrines of historical and religious significance. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has recognized several of these monuments as protected heritage sites under the Group of Ancient Temples. These structures display exquisite craftsmanship and architectural brilliance, reflecting various historical periods.
Shiva Temple (Machchendranath Temple)
This east-facing temple, located north of the Vishnu Temple, features a square garbha-grha (sanctum), antarala (vestibule), and a rectangular mandapa (hall). The temple, built on a three-tiered platform, follows a pancha-ratha (five-projection) style. The vimana (tower) comprises multiple stories adorned with intricate moldings and sculptures. Inside, a Shivalinga is enshrined, with a dancing Ganesha figure on the lintel above the sanctum door.
Karna Temple
One of the most significant temples in Amarkantak, this triple shrine complex is attributed to Kalachuri King Karnadeva (1041-1073 CE). Built on an elevated platform, the central temple faces west, while the two flanking shrines, now partially ruined, originally faced north and south. These temples were once connected by a common mandapa (hall), which has not survived. The sapta-ratha (seven-projection) vimana exhibits sophisticated ornamentation and intricate carvings. The shikhara (tower), divided into twenty stories, once housed elaborate sculptures, though many niches are now empty.
Vishnu Temple (Keshava-Narayana Temple)
This twin-temple complex comprises two garbha-grhas, one facing north and the other east, sharing a common square mandapa. The pancha-ratha vimana follows an elaborate architectural style, with the shikhara divided into twelve tiers. Although devoid of sculptures today, historical records mention two Vishnu idols, which were present during Beglar’s visit in the 19th century.
Pataleshvara Temple
This temple, similar in structure to others in the complex, derives its name from its sunken sanctum, accessed by seven descending steps. Facing west, it consists of a garbha-grha, antarala, and mandapa. The shikhara rises in a pyramidal shape with twelve receding tiers, while the sanctum is adorned with diamond motifs and floral engravings.
Johila Temple
Dedicated to Goddess Johila, this temple lies near the Johila River. Though partially in ruins, it holds immense religious value for devotees.
Summing Up
Amarkantak, often referred to as the Tirtharaj (King of Pilgrimage Sites), is a unique confluence of spirituality, history, and ecology. Whether through its ancient temples, mythological references, or ecological importance, Amarkantak continues to captivate devotees, historians, and nature enthusiasts alike. Its sacred rivers, magnificent temples, and mystical legends make it an unmissable destination, preserving India’s rich cultural and spiritual heritage for generations to come.