Every year on June 21, the world celebrates World Hydrography Day, a global initiative to highlight the critical role of hydrography in understanding and managing our oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes, and rivers. Established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) in 2005 and first observed in 2006, this day commemorates the IHO’s founding in 1921. The theme for World Hydrography Day 2025, “Seabed Mapping: Enabling Ocean Action,” underscores the indispensable role of hydrography in ensuring safe navigation, supporting economic development, advancing scientific research, and promoting environmental conservation. This article explores the significance of hydrography, India’s contributions to the field, and the global impact of this vital science.
The Science of Hydrography: Mapping the Blue Planet
Hydrography is the science of measuring and describing the physical characteristics of water bodies, including their depth, currents, waves, and seabed topography. It plays a pivotal role in enabling safe maritime navigation, coastal development, disaster management, and environmental protection. By providing accurate data through advanced technologies like multi-beam echo sounding, side-scan sonar, and autonomous underwater vehicles, hydrography supports critical activities such as shipping, resource exploration, and marine conservation. World Hydrography Day serves as a platform to raise awareness about these contributions and promote the adoption of modern hydrographic techniques.
India’s Leadership in Hydrography
India has emerged as a global leader in hydrography, with the Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD) spearheading efforts in hydrographic surveys and navigational chart production. Operating under the Indian Navy, the INHD has published over 650 electronic and paper nautical charts, ensuring safe navigation across vast maritime regions. The department also coordinates NAVAREA VIII, covering an expansive 26 million square kilometers, and provides services through the India-WINS portal.
The National Institute of Hydrography (NIH) in Goa, accredited by the IHO for Category A and B training, has trained over 800 professionals from 41 countries, establishing India as a hub for hydrographic education. Through the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative, India has conducted collaborative surveys covering approximately 89,000 square kilometers and published 96 charts in partnership with Southeast Asian nations and friendly countries. Bilateral agreements with island nations like Mauritius and Seychelles have further strengthened capacity building and data sharing in hydrography.
Advancing Inland Waterways and Global Cooperation
In addition to its maritime efforts, India is enhancing its inland waterways through institutions like the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI). Regular hydrographic surveys and navigational charting are being implemented to support safe and efficient inland water transport. Globally, India’s contributions to hydrography align with the IHO’s mission to standardize and advance seabed mapping, fostering sustainable ocean action.