Vaidehi Bhargava
Birsa Munda Jayanti, celebrated on November 15, commemorates the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, one of India’s most revered tribal leaders and freedom fighters. Born in 1875 in Ulihatu, Jharkhand, Birsa became a symbol of resistance against British oppression and exploitation of indigenous communities. His legacy lives on in the hearts of millions, especially the tribal communities of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
Early Life and Awakening
Birsa Munda belonged to the Munda tribe, a prominent indigenous community in the Chotanagpur plateau. Growing up in poverty, he was introduced to Christianity at a missionary school. However, he later rejected it and became more committed to his tribal roots, driven by a desire to free his people from British exploitation. Birsa was deeply disturbed by the British colonial policies, which led to the displacement of tribes from their ancestral lands, and the imposition of unfair taxes and forced labor.
Spiritual Leadership and the Birth of “Dharti Aba“
Birsa emerged as a spiritual leader and was fondly called “Dharti Aba,” meaning “Father of the Earth.” He preached a unique faith that blended elements of tribal beliefs with anti-colonial sentiment, encouraging people to abandon British-imposed practices. He also called for a return to traditional Munda customs, rejecting superstitions and advocating social reform, including respect for women and environmental conservation.
The Ulgulan Movement
Birsa is best known for leading the Ulgulan (meaning “The Great Tumult”) movement from 1899 to 1900, a powerful uprising against British authority and their oppressive policies. He inspired the Munda tribes to rise against exploitative landlords (dikus) and British officials who seized tribal lands for plantations and profit. The movement spread rapidly, and Birsa’s followers, armed mostly with traditional weapons, managed to challenge the British forces. Despite limited resources, Birsa’s leadership made Ulgulan one of the most significant tribal uprisings in India.
Legacy and Influence
Birsa Munda’s impact was profound, though his life was tragically short. In 1900, he was captured and imprisoned by the British and died mysteriously in custody at the age of 25. However, his legacy continued to inspire future generations. His sacrifices led to the passing of the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act in 1908, which protected tribal land rights.
Today, Birsa Munda is celebrated not only as a freedom fighter but also as a cultural icon and symbol of tribal resilience. Monuments, educational institutions, and public buildings across India have been named after him. His birth anniversary, November 15, is also celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day, honoring the role of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle.
Birsa Munda Jayanti is a reminder of the strength and spirit of India’s indigenous people and their contributions to the country’s heritage. The day pays tribute to a leader who, despite his youth, left an indelible mark on history and continues to inspire the quest for justice and equality.