The recent recall of Chinese engineers from Foxconn’s iPhone factories in India highlights rising tensions in global manufacturing realignments. As Apple ramps up production in India, aligning with the Indian government’s Make in India initiative, the global spotlight also returns to China’s long-running industrial strategy — Made in China 2025. While this policy now receives little public mention from Chinese officials, it continues to shape global manufacturing in profound ways. Understanding its goals, successes, and shortcomings offers valuable lessons for India’s manufacturing ambitions.
Made in China 2025: A Blueprint for Industrial Dominance
Launched in 2015, Made in China 2025 is a strategic plan aimed at upgrading China’s manufacturing capabilities from low-cost mass production to high-tech, innovation-driven industries. It targets ten priority sectors, including electric vehicles, artificial intelligence, aerospace, biotechnology, new materials, and high-speed rail systems. The policy promotes self-reliance, technological leadership, and integration of green energy in manufacturing.
Global Concerns and China’s Strategic Silence
Although Made in China 2025 has delivered significant results, it has also drawn global scrutiny. Western countries have criticized the policy as protectionist, arguing that China’s generous state support — including subsidies, low-interest loans, and tax incentives — gives domestic firms an unfair advantage. Foreign companies operating in China often face strict conditions, such as forced technology transfers. To reduce international backlash and avoid trade disputes, Chinese authorities have since downplayed public references to the policy, even as its core objectives continue.
What Has Made in China 2025 Achieved?
Despite controversy, the policy has driven considerable progress. China now leads global production in sectors like lithium-ion batteries, solar panels, and electric vehicles. Its high-speed rail technology is among the most advanced in the world. Innovations in robotics, smart sensors, and industrial automation have helped narrow the gap with global leaders. The initiative has also fueled significant growth in R&D investment, workforce upskilling, and domestic supply chain integration.
However, gaps remain — particularly in semiconductor manufacturing and commercial aircraft development, where China continues to rely heavily on foreign technology.
Challenges and Takeaways for India
While China’s strategy boosted manufacturing, it left the services sector relatively underdeveloped. India, in contrast, boasts a strong services economy but still lags in manufacturing scale, precision, and technology. The Make in India initiative, launched in 2014, seeks to bridge this gap by attracting foreign investment and building a robust industrial base.
Yet India faces persistent challenges: infrastructure limitations, skill shortages, complex regulations, and fragmented supply chains. To succeed, India must invest deeply in R&D, modernize logistics, and foster an ecosystem of innovation—lessons that can be drawn from China’s integrated approach. At the same time, India must balance growth in both services and manufacturing to ensure sustainable development.
Apple and the Manufacturing Pivot
Apple’s decision to expand iPhone production in India reflects a broader global push to diversify supply chains away from China. It’s a milestone for Make in India. However, the recent recall of Chinese engineers from Foxconn’s Indian operations reveals the operational and cultural complexities involved in such transitions — from managing technology transfer to building a skilled local workforce.
For India to emerge as a true global manufacturing hub, addressing these challenges is critical. Transparent policymaking, streamlined procedures, and workforce development will be key to attracting and retaining major global players in the long term.