India’s artistic heritage is steeped in tradition, with folk art forms acting as timeless storytellers. Among them, Rajasthan’s Phad paintings stand out for their captivating blend of visual art and performance. This 700-year-old legacy, deeply rooted in the vibrant culture of Shahpura near Bhilwara, Rajasthan, has not only preserved ancient tales but also evolved to meet the demands of a changing world.
The Origin of Phad: Where Visual and Performance Art Converge
Phad paintings originated as mobile temples narrating stories of local deities and heroes, such as Devnarayanji, a reincarnation of Vishnu, and Pabuji, a local hero. These large scroll paintings were carried by Bhopas and Bhopis—priest-singers of the Rabari tribe—who would unroll the scroll after sunset and perform all night before villagers. The male priest narrated the story, while the female priestess illuminated specific sections with a lamp, accompanied by the music of the ravanhatta, a two-stringed instrument.
The name “Phad,” meaning “fold” in the local dialect, aptly reflects the portable nature of these painted scrolls. Historically, only members of the Joshi family, belonging to the Chipa caste, created Phad paintings. These works were monumental, with Pabuji ki Phad spanning 13 armlengths and Devnarayan ki Phad reaching up to 30 feet in length.
The Art of Creation: Technique, Colours, and Symbolism
Creating a Phad painting is a meticulous process, requiring mastery passed down through generations. It begins with preparing a coarse cotton cloth, soaked overnight, stiffened with starch, and polished with a moonstone for a glossy finish. Every aspect of Phad painting adheres to tradition, from using natural fibers to sourcing paints from stones, flowers, and herbs.
Phad paintings employ a palette of seven primary colors—each with symbolic significance:
- Yellow: Initial outlines, ornaments, and clothing
- Orange: Human figures and limbs
- Green: Vegetation and nature
- Brown: Architectural details
- Red: Borders, royal clothing, and flags
- Blue: Water and drapery
- Black: Outlines, applied last to complete the artwork
One of the most significant rituals is painting the eyes of the main deity, symbolizing the moment the painting “comes alive.” Once completed, artists sign their work near the central deity, a mark of reverence and pride.
Tradition and Revival: The Role of the Joshi Family
The Phad tradition was historically exclusive to the Joshi family. Techniques were taught only to family members, with daughters-in-law trained but daughters excluded. This exclusivity, while preserving authenticity, also risked the art’s decline. Recognizing this, Shree Lal Joshi, a renowned Phad painter and Padma Shri awardee, broke convention. In 1960, he founded Joshi Kala Kunj in Bhilwara, which later became Chitrashala in 1990. The school opened Phad art to outsiders, ensuring its survival.
Chitrashala trained over 3,000 artists, including women and non-family members. The younger generation of Joshi painters, like Kalyan Joshi, further revolutionized Phad art by introducing modern elements. Stories from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Panchatantra were depicted alongside traditional tales. Miniature Phad paintings, tailored for modern homes, emerged as popular adaptations. Kalyan Joshi even added written text to the artwork, making the narratives accessible to contemporary audiences.
Challenges and the Path Forward
Despite revival efforts, fewer than 20 artists practice Phad painting full-time today. Efforts by individuals like Pradeep Mukherjee, along with the Joshi family, have enhanced the commercial value of Phad art and generated employment. However, the art form remains underrepresented and at risk of fading into obscurity.
The modern world must recognize the cultural significance of Phad paintings—not just for their visual appeal, but for their role in preserving folklore and centuries-old traditions. Supporting Phad artists through exhibitions, collaborations, and education can ensure this extraordinary art form continues to thrive.
A Living Legacy
Phad paintings are more than art; they are cultural archives that celebrate India’s storytelling heritage. Their vibrant colors, intricate details, and rich history make them a testament to the ingenuity of Rajasthani culture. As we embrace the modern era, Phad stands as a reminder of the importance of preserving traditions, ensuring they remain an integral part of our identity for generations to come.