Diabetes is among the fastest-growing health challenges worldwide, affecting millions of people and placing a growing burden on families and healthcare systems. Yet, many people continue to live with the condition without knowing it. Often developing silently, particularly in its early stages, diabetes can lead to serious health complications if left undiagnosed or poorly managed. World Diabetes Day, observed every year on 14 November, aims to address this challenge by spreading awareness, encouraging timely diagnosis and promoting better access to healthcare.
Established in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), World Diabetes Day became an official United Nations observance in 2006. The date also marks the birth anniversary of Sir Frederick Banting, who, along with Charles Best, played a pioneering role in the discovery of insulin in 1921. The discovery transformed diabetes from a condition that was often fatal into one that could be managed with appropriate treatment.
The theme for World Diabetes Day 2026 is “Early Action on Diabetes”, highlighting the importance of recognising warning signs, getting tested at the right time and reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. According to the IDF, approximately 589 million adults worldwide are living with diabetes, and around 252 million of them are unaware that they have the condition. These figures underline why awareness must go beyond knowing that diabetes exists. People also need to understand their personal risk and the importance of regular health checks.
Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot use the insulin it produces effectively. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate the level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood. When this process does not work properly, blood glucose levels rise and can gradually damage different organs.
There are different types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. It can develop at any age and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, develops when the body does not use insulin effectively or cannot produce enough of it. Factors such as family history, excess body weight, physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary patterns can increase the risk. Gestational diabetes can also develop during pregnancy and requires medical attention.
One of the biggest challenges is that type 2 diabetes may develop gradually, with few or no noticeable symptoms for years. Increased thirst, frequent urination, unusual tiredness, unexplained weight loss, persistent hunger and blurred vision are among the common warning signs. However, the absence of symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person is free from diabetes. Blood glucose tests, including fasting blood sugar and HbA1c, help healthcare professionals diagnose the condition. People with risk factors should consult a doctor about appropriate screening.
Although not every form of diabetes can be prevented, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes can often be reduced or delayed through healthier lifestyle choices. A balanced diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy body weight, getting adequate sleep and avoiding tobacco can contribute to better metabolic health. Regular medical check-ups are equally important, particularly for people with a family history of diabetes or other risk factors.
For those already living with diabetes, management requires consistent care rather than occasional attention. Following medical advice, monitoring blood glucose levels, taking prescribed medication and attending regular health appointments can help prevent or delay complications. Uncontrolled diabetes can affect the heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves, increasing the risk of heart disease, kidney failure, vision loss and other serious conditions. Access to affordable medicines, insulin, diagnostic facilities and reliable health information is therefore essential.
Beyond medical treatment, awareness also means creating a supportive environment for people living with diabetes. The condition should not be associated with blame or judgement. Not everyone with diabetes has the same risk factors, and people living with it should not be made to feel responsible for their diagnosis. Families, workplaces, educational institutions and communities can play an important role by encouraging healthy habits and offering understanding and support.
World Diabetes Day serves as a reminder that early diagnosis can make a significant difference. Recognising symptoms, understanding risk factors and seeking timely medical advice can help people take control of their health before complications arise. The message is clear: diabetes should not be ignored, feared or surrounded by misinformation. With awareness, timely care and continued support, people can manage the condition and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.