The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is making significant strides in space propulsion technology by developing a LOX-methane engine for its Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV). This cutting-edge engine, featuring a reusable booster stage and two expendable upper stages, is designed to enhance mission flexibility with multiple restart capabilities. A recent milestone in this ambitious project was the successful testing of a spark torch igniter, bringing ISRO closer to revolutionizing its future launch systems.
What is a LOX-Methane Engine?
A LOX-methane engine operates using liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer and methane as fuel. This combination is gaining popularity in the global space industry due to its high efficiency, cleaner combustion, and long-term viability for deep space missions. Methane can be synthesized from water and carbon dioxide found on planets like Mars, making it an ideal fuel for interplanetary exploration.
Why Multiple Restarts Matter
One of the key advantages of the LOX-methane engine is its ability to restart multiple times during a mission. This feature is crucial for:
- Booster stage recovery, allowing reusable rockets to land safely.
- Upper stage flexibility, enabling precise orbital adjustments for different payloads.
- Deep space missions, where mid-course corrections are often required.
By incorporating multiple restart capabilities, ISRO is ensuring that its upcoming missions will be more adaptable and cost-effective.
Breakthrough in Spark Torch Ignition
ISRO’s Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) is leading the development of a spark torch igniter for the LOX-methane engine. This ignition system improves reliability and combustion efficiency, reducing failure risks during launch. The successful test of this igniter using gaseous oxygen and hydrogen marks a critical step forward in the engine’s development.
Transitioning from Hydrazine to Methane: A Greener Choice
Currently, ISRO relies on hydrazine-based fuels, which are toxic, carcinogenic, and difficult to handle. The shift to methane aligns with global efforts to replace hydrazine with cleaner, safer alternatives. Methane offers:
✔ Non-toxic properties, making handling safer.
✔ Higher specific impulse, leading to better performance.
✔ Easier storage and long-term usability, ideal for space missions.
The Global Race for Methane-Based Rockets
ISRO is not alone in exploring methane-powered propulsion. Space agencies and private companies worldwide are investing in similar technologies:
- China has already developed and tested a working LOX-methane engine.
- SpaceX is pioneering the use of methane with its Raptor engine, which powers the Starship rocket.
- Blue Origin and Rocket Lab are also exploring methane-based propulsion for future missions.
Exploring Alternative Rocket Fuels
Apart from LOX-methane, the space industry is experimenting with other fuel options like:
- Hydrogen Peroxide, a potential eco-friendly propellant.
- Ammonium Di-Nitramide (ADN), a promising alternative for greener space propulsion.
Startups like Manastu Space are at the forefront of these innovations, working on new-age propellants that could redefine space exploration.
Future Prospects: The Road Ahead
With advancements in rocket fuels, propulsion systems, and reusable technologies, ISRO is poised to make space missions more cost-effective and sustainable. The LOX-methane engine is expected to play a key role in India’s future deep-space missions, satellite launches, and interplanetary explorations. As technology evolves, this breakthrough could propel India to the forefront of the global space race.